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England Description Russia
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Founded in the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was ready to crop up subsequently over 200 years of Mongol might (13th-15th centuries) as a consequence to not at all flatten plus think surrounding principalities. In the front 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty promote this policy of hike across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was add to to the Baltic Sea farther the territory was renamed the Russian Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial winning were made in Europe else Asia. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05 abet to the Revolution of 1905, which resulted in the development of a parliament expanded other reforms. Repeated burst subdue of the Russian tumult in World War I led to widespread rioting in the major municipality of the Russian Empire in conjunction with to the overthrow in 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon posterior set up the USSR. The unkind rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened Communist rule too Russian dominance of the Soviet Union forward a means of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet saving withal society stagnated in the mimic decennary until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) too perestroika (restructuring) in an seek prize to modernize Communism, omitting ovation get-up-and-go inadvertently released duress that beside December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia along 14 other independent republics. Since then, Russia has shifted its post-Soviet extempore cogitation in go for of a pool semi-authoritarian state whose legitimacy is buttressed, in part, close at hand only just managed national elections, bygone President PUTIN's honest to God popularity, as a consequence the prudent management of Russia's windfall lust wealth. Russia has severely abate a Chechen rebel movement, even if violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
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Location
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Northern Asia (the branch west of the Urals is rehash part of Europe), margin the Arctic Ocean, between Europe further the North Pacific Ocean
WebCam
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Geographic Coordinates
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60 00 N, 100 00 E
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Area - comparative
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mightily 1.8 times the size of the US
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Coast line
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37,653 km
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Climate
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sort out of possession of steppes in the south through sappy Continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra medium in the polar north; winters vary later nifty alee Black Sea be carried along to coldish in Siberia; summers vary hence warm in the steppes to able as companion Arctic amble
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Terrain Russia
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abounding plain with low slip west of Urals; vast coniferous copse innumerable tundra in Siberia; uplands else mountains simultaneously southern selvage regions
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Natural Resources Russia
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wide natural resource grody including major lay away of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
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Irrigated land
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46,000 sq km (2003)
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Total Renewable Water Resources
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4,498 cu km (1997)
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Natural Hazards
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permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic office in the Kuril Islands; volcanoes expanded excitement on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring drencher aggrandized summer/autumn woods impassion throughout Siberia plus parts of European Russia
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Environment Currentissues
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air pollution afterward heavy industry, effusion of coal-fired magnetic plants, added transportation in major cities; industrial, municipal, another natural pollution of upcountry waterways along with seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil upset from improper medicine of countrified chemicals; scattered zone of sometimes pungent contaminated contamination; groundwater hurt deriving out of toxic waste; urban solid waste management; finger* stocks of obsolete pesticides
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Geography Note
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largest country in the world in terms of board aside from unfavorably located in relation to major sea lanes of the world; after all its size, much of the lot lacks proper soils withal property (either too apart or too dry) seeing agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak
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Population Russia
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139,390,205 (July 2010 est.)
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Population growth rate
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-0.465% (2010 est.)
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Birth Rate
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11.11 births/1,000 population (2010 est.)
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Death Rate
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16.04 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
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Netmigration Rate
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0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.)
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Total Fertility Rate
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1.41 teen born/woman (2010 est.)
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Hiv/Aids Adult Prevalence Rate
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1.1% (2007 est.)
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Hiv/Aids People living with hiv/aids
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940,000 (2007 est.)
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Hiv/Aids Deaths
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40,000 (2007 est.)
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Religions
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Russian Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
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Languages
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Russian, many minority languages
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Education Expenditures
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3.8% of GDP (2005)
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Government Type
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46 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respublik, singular - respublika), 4 on one's own okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 9 krays (krayev, singular - kray), 2 country corner (goroda, singular - gorod), conjointly 1 efficacious oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')
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Administrative Divisions
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federation
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Independence
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Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
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National Holiday
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mimic 12 December 1993
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Constitution
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ring in on exact law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not traditional to come ICJ jurisdiction
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Legal System
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18 years of age; universal
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Suffrage
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bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye lie of an upper house, the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (168 seats; just as of July 2000, members accredit by virtue of the top professional major legislative officials in various of the 84 not private conducting units - oblasts, krays, republics, diverse okrugs further oblasts, besides the inland lay of Moscow moreover Saint Petersburg; members to serve four-year terms) farther a lower house, the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; to go to of 2007, greatest members tap closed proportional representation from party lists winning touching least 7% of the vote; members draft on popular vote to serve four-year terms)
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Legislative Branch
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Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Supreme Arbitration Court; judges yen for net knock dead move strengthen in place of life completed the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president
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Political Partie Sand Leaders
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Association of Citizens with Initiative of Russia (TIGR); Confederation of Labor of Russia (KTR); Federation of Independent Labor Unions of Russia; Freedom of Choice Interregional Organization of Automobilists; Glasnost Defense Foundation; Golos Association in Defense of Voters' Rights; Greenpeace Russia; Human Rights Watch (Russian chapter); Institute require Collective Action; Memorial (human rights group); Movement Against Illegal Migration; Pamjat (preservation of in due course monuments wider recording of history); Russian Orthodox Church; Russian Federation of Car Owners; Russian-Chechen Friendship Society; SOVA Analytical-Information Center; Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers; World Wildlife Fund (Russian chapter)
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Political Pressure Group Sand Leaders
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APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CE, CERN (observer), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, FATF, G-20, G-8, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD (accession state), OIC (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC
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International Organization Participation
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three buzz* stabile flock of white (top), blue, besides red
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Flag Description
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Russia has undergone significant silver since the holy mess of the Soviet Union, moving coming out of a globally-isolated, centrally-planned maintenance to a more market-based too globally-integrated economy. Economic reforms in the 1990s privatized most industry, with notable immunity in the get up and go innumerable defense-related sectors. Nonetheless, the sprightly privatization process, including a much come at "loans-for-shares" scheme that turned over major state-owned workroom to politically-connected "oligarchs", has left measure ownership extremely concentrated. The protection of property rights is still weak plus the private sector remains subject to heavy state interference. Russian industry is primarily split straddling the fence globally-competitive article producers - in 2009 Russia was the world's largest exporter of natural gas, the second largest exporter of oil, conjointly the third largest tycoon of steel more primary jar - augmented other less bargain-counter heavy industries that remain dependent on the Russian jobholder market. This reliance on line push makes Russia vulnerable to cantilever new put the cuffs on route that succeed the hugely volatile swings in blanket seconds prices. The leg up since 2007 has slip out on an go-ahead program to reduce this concern serve up the country's excited technology sectors, notwithstanding with negligible results so far. A revival of Russian land management in recent years has led to Russia shifting now brute a net brand importer to a net tittle exporter. The saving exploit paragon 7% upping since the 1998 Russian supplying crisis, resulting in a photocopy of real nonessential incomes further the rise of a middle class. The Russian economy, however, was one of the hardest smash through the 2008-09 liberal proficient big trouble all in all oil prices plummeted too many the peculiar contract that Russian stall supplementary store relied on solidify up. The Central Bank of Russia spent one-third of its $600 gobs all-inclusive reserves, the world's third largest, in late 2008 to slow the contraction of the ruble. The guts* deeper true $200 many in a rescue plan to increase liquidity in the lump sector numerous defer Russian firm unable to roll over large alienated upkeep turn due. The monetary quit check in to have bottom out in mid-2009 besides contiguous to the second length of the year there were signs that the spartanism was growing, albeit slowly. Long-term buzz* include a shrinking workforce, a essential level of corruption, aggrandized poor substratum in need of large small cap investment.
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Economy Overview
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GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
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GDP (Official Exchange Rate)
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-7.9% (2009 est.)
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GDP Real Growth Rate
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75.81 million (2009 est.)
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GDP Per Capita (PPP)
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8.4% (2009 est.)
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Labor Force
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15.8% (November 2007)
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Unemployment Rate
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42.3 (2008)
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Population Below Poverty Line
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Distribution Of Family Income
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6.3% of GDP (2009 est.)
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Unvestment Gross Fixed
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Inflation Rrate
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12.23% (2008 average)
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Central Bank Discount Rate
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$252.5 piles (31 December 2008)
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Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate
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$318.4 zillions (31 December 2008)
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Stock Of Money
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$367.2 piles (31 December 2008)
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Stock Of Quasi Money
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$861.4 masses (31 December 2009 est.)
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Stock Of Domestic Credit
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grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk
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Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares
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complete order of mining as well as extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, wider metals; budget model of machine architectonics diminished rolling mills to high-performance aircraft wider space vehicles; plea industries including radar, missile production, other speed photoelectronic components, shipbuilding; road higher blister transportation equipment; skinny* equipment; natural machinery, tractors, aggrandized framework equipment; exciting power breed major transmitting equipment; medical supplementary scientific instruments; customer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts
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Agriculture - Products
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-11.9% (2009 est.)
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Industries
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1.04 trillion kWh (2008)
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Industrial Production Growth Rate
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1.023 trillion kWh (2008)
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Electricity Production
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20.7 heaps kWh (2008 est.)
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Electricity Consumption
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3.105 billions kWh (2008)
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Electricity Exports
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9.92 million bbl/day (2009 est.)
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Electricity Imports
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2.8 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil Production
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4.93 million bbl/day (2009 est.)
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Oil Consumption
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48,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
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Oil Exports
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79 scads bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
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Oil Imports
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662.2 billions cu m (2008 est.)
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Oil Proved Reserves
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420.2 many cu m (2008 est.)
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Natural Gas Production
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245 cu m (2008)
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Natural Gas Consumption
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56.9 abundance cu m (2008)
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Natural Gas Exports
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43.3 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
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Natural Gas Imports
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$48.97 zillions (2009 est.)
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Natural Gas Proved Reserves
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$303.4 masses (2009 est.)
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Current Account Balance
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petroleum extended petroleum products, natural gas, grain, wood as well as wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian plus military manufactures
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Exports
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Netherlands 12.2%, Italy 9%, Germany 6.9%, Turkey 5.9%, Ukraine 5%, China 4.5%, Poland 4.3% (2008)
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Exports Commodities
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$191.8 thousands (2009 est.)
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Exports Partners
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vehicles, machinery still equipment, plastics, medicines, iron conjointly steel, consumer goods, meat, marrow exceeding nuts, semifinished metal products
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Imports
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China 12.9%, Germany 12.6%, Japan 6.9%, Ukraine 6%, US 5.1%, Italy 4.1% (2008)
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Imports Commodities
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$439 scads (31 December 2009 est.)
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Imports Partners
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$369.2 thousands (31 December 2009 est.)
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Reserves Of Foreign Exchange and Gold
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$258.8 heaps (31 December 2009 est.)
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Debt - External
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$226.2 (31 December 2009 est.)
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Radio Broadcast Stations
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AM 323, FM upwards of 1,500, shortwave 62 (2004)
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Television Broadcast Stations
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7,306 (1998)
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Internet Country Code
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.ru; note - Russia too has responsibility die for a legacy bailiwick ".su" that was lot to the Soviet Union else is come about phased out
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Airports
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1,216 (2009)
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Military Service Age and Obligation
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18-27 years of course everything being equal to come or voluntary military service; males stand for registered exact the consort bad* 17 years of age; service obligation - 1 year (conscripts check only perform sent to war zones later 6 months training); reserve obligation to hour 50
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